STIMULUS - PSYCHOLOGY - 2025

The stimulus-response theory is one of the central models of many of the branches of modern psychology. At first it appeared within behaviorism, being one of the most important ideas of this discipline. However, over time it spread to other areas and today it is still of great importance.

The stimulus-response theory is based on the idea that most organisms carry out their behaviors as a simple reflection of the environmental conditions in which they are found. According to behaviorists, this would also include humans, whose behavior would be fully learned and dependent on the external stimuli that we face.

The stimulus response theory has its origin in the Law of Effect, proposed by Edward Thorndike, one of the first psychologists to make contributions to behaviorism. According to this, those behaviors that produced a satisfactory result would have a greater chance of being repeated in the future.

Edward Thorndike, father of stimulus-response theory. Source: Unknown author / Public domain

At present it is considered that the stimulus-response theory is not universal, but in many contexts the organism itself can choose the way in which it acts based on its own characteristics. However, it is still very useful to explain all kinds of behavior and biological phenomena.

Behaviorism and the stimulus theory - response

Behaviorism was one of the earliest branches of psychology, and one of the most important in its entire history. It was based on the idea that it is impossible to study objectively what happens in people's minds, so experts had to focus on their behaviors and responses to different stimuli.

One of the most important contributions of behaviorism is conditioning, a tool used to modify the behavior of an organism by manipulating the stimuli and responses it receives. Thanks to conditioning, we can make a response more likely, or decrease the frequency with which another appears.

All conditioning is based on the stimulus-response theory, since to use this tool it is necessary to change either the stimuli presented to the organism, or the responses to its actions. In the first case we would be talking about classical conditioning, while in the second it would be about operant conditioning.

Classical Pavlov conditioning

Ivan Pavlov. Source: http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/images/B21072 The mechanism of classical conditioning was discovered by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist who was investigating the salivation process of dogs. In one of the best-known experiments in the entire field of psychology, this researcher studied the physical response of animals to the presence of food.

Pavlov realized that if he rang a bell when he presented food to the dogs in his study, and repeated this behavior several times, after a while the animals began to salivate simply at the sound. This phenomenon is what is known as classical conditioning.

1-The dog salivates seeing the food. 2-The dog does not salivate at the sound of the bell. 3-The sound of the bell is shown next to the food. 4-After conditioning, the dog salivates with the sound of the bell.

The process works like this: Food naturally elicits a salivation response in dogs, known as an unconditioned stimulus. After the ringing of the bell was presented several times at the same time, it became a conditioned stimulus, capable of creating the same response even if it did not initially.

In this case, the body's response can be modified by manipulating the stimuli that are presented to it. Although the results in Pavlov's experiment do not seem very useful, the truth is that this technique has many very important applications within psychology.

Classical Watson Conditioning

John B. Watson

John B. Watson was one of the first psychologists to base their research on science within the United States. For this thinker, all aspects of human behavior and thoughts were based on the stimulus-response theory. Therefore, controlling both factors could completely change the way of being of a person.

Watson completely denied the existence of free will, and believed that humans acted simply based on what happened to us. Therefore, all the differences present between different people would simply have to do with different learning experiences.

For Watson, people are born a "blank slate", without any instinct or characteristic inherited from their parents at the genetic level. Therefore, during the first years of life the experiences of the child would completely condition the development of her personality, tastes and preferences.

This idea has been completely disproved later, since today we know that genetics play a very important role in the formation of personal characteristics. However, learning by classical conditioning continues to weigh heavily on our way of being.

On the other hand, Watson believed that the way we learn humans is exactly the same as that of animals. This researcher dedicated a large part of his life to trying to find a way to perfect the stimulus-response theory and how to put it into practice.

Operant conditioning

Skinner Box

The other side of behaviorism is operant conditioning, a technique that is based on the manipulation of the responses that an organism receives based on its behavior in order to manipulate its way of acting in the future. It is complementary to classical conditioning, and is still used in many different contexts today.

Operant conditioning seeks to modify a person's behavior through the application of reinforcements (positive stimuli that make a way of acting more likely) and punishments (negative stimuli that decrease the frequency of a behavior in the future).

Today we know that people can modify their own behavior and therefore do not depend entirely on external stimuli to change their behavior. However, operant conditioning is still a very useful tool in different contexts, such as in the field of therapy or education.

References

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4. "Classical conditioning" in: Simply Psychology. Retrieved on: April 08, 2020 from Simply Psychology: simplypsychology.com.
5. "Stimulus - response model" in: Wikipedia. Retrieved on: April 08, 2020 from Wikipedia: en.wikipedia.org.