CORPORATISM: CHARACTERISTICS, TYPES, MEXICO, SPAIN - HISTORY - 2025

The corporatism is a political, social and economic system that states that a community must act as one body, which is formed in turn by a number of institutions in charge of interacting with each other for decision-making.

In general, corporatism is based on the principle of unification, by integrating the communication of three main sectors: business associations, unions and the government, which would fulfill the role of neutral and negotiating entity between the other two.

Likewise, for the success of a corporatist society, there must be a division of social classes and the subordination of these groups to power and state intervention.

Origins and history

The antecedents of this doctrine were manifested in the Greek, Roman and even Egyptian civilizations. But it is in the Middle Ages where more explicit forms of this current are established.

At that time, the society was beginning to organize itself through the guilds and one of the most important was the grouping of merchants and artisans of different trades, who tried to defend the interests and privileges of the members.

In view of this, they were able to fix prices, establish quality standards for products and services, and suppress competition almost entirely.

With the passage of time, the establishment of social organizations became more and more common, especially between the 18th and 19th centuries, when the workers' unions and political parties emerged.

Modern corporatism

What is known today as corporatism emerged in Italy after the First World War with Benito Mussolini, in order to establish social control through state policies. With this it was sought to achieve:

• The replacement of the political parties by the employers 'and workers' associations, which would be controlled in turn by the single fascist party and the government.
• Determine the wages and the solution of the conflicts between the groups.
• Production coordination.
• Preparation of collective contracts.
• Strike forecast.

It should be noted that, currently, speaking of corporatism is associated with a pejorative term, since it only serves the interests of a single sector - generally the government or the elites that are present at the moment.

characteristics

The essential elements of corporatism are:

-The regions that maintain this type of system have strong State intervention.

-Decisions are made by corporations, not people.

-The representatives of the unions are those who participate in political activity and the promulgation of laws and regulations of each sector.

-Complaints are made within each group under the vertical communication scheme. However, it has been shown that it is an unrepresentative system and one that generates discontent among members.

-The State raises labor regulations.

-It is associated with absolutism, neoliberalism, nationalism, fascism, social democracy, socialism and unionism.

-It is also present in the interaction and in the relationships in some important religions such as Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, Hinduism and Buddhism.

- Seeks to vindicate traditional values ​​and virtues.

-You want to ensure the common good and the general interest.

Types

Different types of corporatism can be found:

Directionist corporatism

The State is the entity that is responsible for establishing social control and the groups that are part of society. It has a predominantly political feature, since it is the State that coordinates the entire system.

Liberal corporatism

It states that there is no conflict of interest between the groups because interdependence predominates.

Societal corporatism

The groups are characterized by having autonomy from the State. They also have the capacity to participate in the elaboration of public policies.

State corporatism

It shares some characteristics with the dirigiste corporatism, with the difference that it establishes bureaucratic processes to control the implementation of the policies to be implemented.

It is also possible to include two types that are non-political in nature:

Kinship corporatism

It is based on identification and grouping through ethnicity, clans and families. They even establish legal norms and family relationships.

Corporatism in religion and spiritualism

They have to do with the organization that is established according to religion and faith. The main values ​​that are manifested in this type of group are: community, family, solidarity and harmony.

It should be noted that among the dynamics, Hinduism stands out, especially because the social, political and economic organization occurs through the castes, which reject, in turn, models that promote individual liberalism.

Corporate status in Mexico

It is estimated that the beginning of corporatism in Mexico began with the founding of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR) in 1929 and which later, would change to be the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

The PRI brought together the interests of the worker, peasant and popular sectors. The gradual control of the party triggered the limitation of the members' participation in social and political activities in the country.

However, the emergence of corporatism in Mexico was mainly due to two determining factors:

• The need for governance.
• The need of the State to become the main piece for the activation of economic processes and more so in a competitive international environment.

Although the model worked for several years, the political and social evolution of the country demands the autonomy and freedom of the groups to form a State where entities that do not depend on the government are promoted.

Corporate status in Spain

At the end of the 19th century, the need arose to restore the influence of the Catholic Church, especially in the working-class and peasant world thanks to the presence of socialism and anarchy.

With this, mixed groups were formed that combined Catholic ideologies with workers' interests.

On the other hand, the State also exerted its influence through policies and reforms that sought to confront these political currents, considering them a threat. Therefore, if there were some kind of uprising, the entity could use repressive measures if necessary.

By the time of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship, institutions closer to the Italian corporatist model were formed. That is to say, their main features were: the structuring of an inclusive political movement, the implementation of a nation-country concept, the incorporation of traditionalist models supported by the Catholic Church (such as the defense of the family), the sense of discipline and greater control of the state in social activities.

These characteristics would also manifest themselves during the dictatorship of Francisco Franco, since the political parties are eliminated for the composition of the Spanish phalanx, which gained presence thanks to the dominance of the Church for the control of morals and behavior.

Corporate status in

In the 1920s, a series of reactions began to manifest themselves that went against the intervention of the State in the employers 'and workers' associations. On the other hand, pro-traditionalist sentiments and movements attached to authoritarianism and militarism also emerged.

As a result of the crisis of the parties in the 1930s, the State gained more control over the unions until it settled during Peronism. At the time, different unions were grouped under the tutelage of the state and the single party.

This model wanted to be copied during subsequent military governments in order to perpetuate control. It should be noted that, at this point, the armed forces became the weighty factor in Argentine corporatism.

References

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