FLAG OF MEXICO: HISTORY AND MEANING - CULTURE VOCABULARY

The flag of Mexico is the most important national symbol of this American republic. It is made up of three vertical stripes of equal size, colored green, white and red. In the center of the white strip the country's coat of arms is imposed, composed of an eagle on a cactus devouring a snake.

The pavilions in the history of Mexico have a very ancient origin. Symbols already existed in pre-Hispanic times to identify the Mexica Empire, but conventional flags were established with the Spanish. It was not until independence that Mexico knew its own flags, which emerged to identify the new armies.

Mexican flag. (See File history below for details. Based on the arms by Juan Gabino.).

The first symbols were pavilions with the Virgin of Guadalupe. Later, the image that has always accompanied the flag was incorporated: the eagle devouring the serpent on the nopal. The origin of the tricolor would have arisen through the insurgent armies of southern Mexico and this was consolidated with the flag of the Trigarante Army.

For many years, the Mexican flag did not have a clear regulation, which left its characteristics of use open. Green is related to hope, white to unity, and red to the blood shed by Mexico.

History of the flag

Mexico has a rich history, which is marked by its pre-Hispanic civilizations. It is estimated that the territory has been populated for more than 20 thousand years. The evolution was gradual until agriculture consolidated different civilizations in various areas of present-day Mexico. Corn was its main product since the 5th millennium BC. C. Although not in a conventional way, the use of flags is already from the indigenous civilizations.

- Pre-Hispanic symbols

Although there were great civilizations such as the Olmecs, Toltecs and Mayans, the first representative symbols of a State that are known today were of the Mexica Empire. In fact, here is also the origin of the shield of Mexico, with the eagle perched on the nopal.

The Mexica moved from Aztlán to the Valley of Mexico. In that place, for the year 1325 they founded México-Tenochtitlan. The choice of the site was due to the fact that the god Huitzilopochtli had indicated to them that the promised land would be an islet where there was a cactus, on which an eagle would perch devouring a snake.

It was there that the capital was established because, according to legend, there had been found what the god promised.

Topoglyphs of the Valley of Mexico

This representative image of the founding myth of Mexico is the one that exists today on the country's national shield, also present on the flag. However, Mexico-Tenochtitlan kept some first national symbols. Specifically, a topoglyph identified them. This consisted of a symbol with a cactus born from the ground, showing its fruits.

Topoglyph of Mexico-Tenochtitlan. (XcepticZP).

To the north of Mexico-Tenochtitlan the city of Mexico-Tlatelolco was established, also in the Valley of Mexico. This was founded by another Mexica tribe that had separated and founded its own city on some islets to the north. In this case, her topoglyph showed the earth emerging through a semicircle.

Topoglyph from Mexico-Tlatelolco. (See page for author).

- Spanish colonization

The indigenous power in the region was diminished after the beginning of the conquest by the Spanish. Tenochtitlan fell in 1521 after a three-year battle against Spanish power. Fourteen years later the Viceroyalty of New Spain was founded.

The viceroyalty quickly became one of the most important entities of the Spanish Empire. This was due to the discovery of mining deposits in the vicinity of the Valley of Mexico, as well as the ease of cultivating agricultural lands that were already used by indigenous cultures.

In the first place, in the Spanish colonies of America the flag of the Cross of Burgundy was used. This consisted of a white cloth on which a dotted cross in the shape of a red X was imposed. The Spanish Empire did not have an official flag, but instead used different naval insignia.

Burgundy Cross Flag (By Ningyou., From Wikimedia Commons).

New Bourbon symbols

The Viceroyalty of New Spain maintained the Cross of Burgundy as its distinctive insignia. However, by 1701, a new Spanish naval flag was created, with two versions: gala and simplified. This change was due to the fact that in Spain a new dynasty took the throne: the House of Bourbon, which kept white as the dynastic color.

The gala naval pavilion consisted of a white cloth before which the royal arms were imposed on the left side. These were surrounded by a fleece and adorned with red ribbons.

The shield kept the symbols of all the Spanish kingdoms, such as Castile, Aragon, Sicily, in addition to the symbols of the House of Bourbon-Anjou, with the fleur de lis.

Naval flag of Spain. (1701-1760). (By Dürer, from Wikimedia Commons).

The simplified version of this flag only left the arms of Aragon and Castile and changed the color of the ribbons to blue.

Simplified naval flag of Spain. (1701-1760). (By Buho07 (), via Wikimedia Commons).

The arrival to the throne of King Carlos III in 1760 implied a change of the flag and the shield. In this case, the weapons of the different Bourbon kingdoms were concentrated in two oval structures.

Naval flag of Spain (1760-1785). (By Dürer, from Wikimedia Commons).

Creation of the Spanish flag

The white color was not exclusive to Spain, because the Bourbon dynasty also ruled in other regions of Europe. In addition, other kingdoms also used the color white, so it was very difficult for Spanish ships to maintain a flag of that color. Given that, King Carlos III decided to create new flags in 1785.

Two designs were presented: one for the merchant navy and the other as a war flag, which eventually became a national flag. Both incorporated yellow and red colors, which were useful due to the contrast in the use of marine vessels. This symbol included a simplified version of the shield on the left side of the yellow stripe.

Naval flag and national flag of Spain (1785-1873) (1875-1931). (By previous version User: Ignaciogavira; current version HansenBCN, designs from SanchoPanzaXXI, via Wikimedia Commons).

From 1793, the war flag began to be used in Spanish ports and was even adopted by the Cortes of Cádiz when they drafted the parliamentary constitution known as "La Pepa" in 1812. This also influenced the last years of Spanish colonial rule in America.

- Mexico's independence

The first decades of the 19th century marked the beginning of the independence movements in Hispanic America, within the framework of the French invasion of Spain. Mexico did the same in 1810 and one of its first events was the "Grito de Dolores". This movement was led by the priest Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla.

It is considered that the first Mexican flag was presented in the "Grito de Dolores", but it was actually a banner with the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe, painted by Miguel López.

A priori it was a religious painting that was part of the parish, but there are still doubts about the veracity of the cloth used, which would be kept in the National Museum of History after its capture in the battle of Aculco.

Banner of Miguel Hidalgo. (1810). (Sarumo74).

The flag of the Virgin of Guadalupe became the symbol of the incipient independence movement. It is considered that this flag also later included the Spanish monarchical shield and that of the ecclesiastical province of Michoacán.

Also, it would have contained the expression Long live the Virgin Mary, Lady of Guadalupe! This being a version known as Blasón de Hidalgo.

Blazon of Hidalgo. (Sarumo74).

Flags of Allende

The independence of Mexico went in several directions. From 1810, another symbol emerged, known today as Allende's twin flags. This is because they were introduced by Ignacio Allende, another of the independence leaders who accompanied Miguel Hidalgo.

The creation of these flags was done before the start of the war. Its composition was divided into two square banners of equal size, with a dark blue frame. The left flag included a shield with the eagle and the cactus, being the first manifestation of this symbol.

Cross flag

Specifically, this part of the flag featured the eagle with outstretched wings devouring a snake. The animal is perched on a four-legged cactus.

In the back, in the landscape you can elucidate a blue sky with mountains, emulating the sunrise. For the upper part, the figure of Saint Michael presides, who holds a cross in his hand and a scale in the other.

Already in the lower part of the left flag are two cannons, a drum, a bow and cannon balls. To all this, we must add two flags and two pennants. The flags kept the shape of a cross, interspersing the colors maroon and white.

For its part, the flag on the right preserved the image of Our Lady of Guadalupe. This consolidated the image of the religious crusade against the French who had invaded Spain, as well as against King Fernando VII.

Twin flags of Allende. (Cross). (1810). (Sarumo74).

X flag

The other version of Allende's twin flag kept the same symbols. The only difference with the other one was that the flags included in the right part had the shape of an X, instead of a cross.

Twin flags of Allende. (X). (1810). (Sarumo74).

Board of Zitácuaro

The independence movement continued to mutate its territory and leaders. The greatest responsibility fell into the hands of Ignacio López Rayón. In 1811 in Zitácuaro, the Supreme American National Board was founded, also known as the Supreme Government Board of America. Because of the town where it was founded, it was known as Junta de Zitácuaro.

This instance has already raised Mexico as an independent entity before the French invasion of Spain. Its operation was concentrated with the identification of a shield, which again included the Mexican eagle.

Seal of the Board of Zitácuaro. (1811-1813). (Sarumo74).

However, despite not being established as an official flag, the Junta de Zitácuaro used flags. One of them was one that featured the Burgundy Cross in light blue on a white background. This was used during board meetings, as well as at oaths. Its use was also due to the existence of groups defending Fernando VII on the board.

Flag of the Burgundy Cross of Mexico. (1815). (Sarumo74).

Congress of Anahuac or Chilpancingo

Later, the strength of the independence movement moved south, with the priest José María Morelos at the head. This cleric began to lead successful battles with his army.

After more than a year of victories, he formed the Congress of Anáhuac, also known as the Congress of Chilpancingo in 1813. Deputies from the Mexican provinces were invited to it, and they signed the North American Act of Independence.

Thus, Mexico was established for the first time as an independent country. The legal framework was the so-called Constitution of Apatzingán. By 1815, that congress issued two decrees, in which the independent country is already called Mexico. They established three flags to identify the country: war, parliamentary and trade.

National war flag

The main flag approved by congress was known as the war flag. This was a checkered field with light blue and white squares interspersed.

The border of the flag was red and in the central part, an oval incorporated the great seal of the nation. It maintained many characteristics of the Junta de Zitácuaro and the Allende flags, having the eagle on the cactus and having banners and weapons such as cannons.

The war flag over time became a general use flag, and the main symbol of Mexico.

National war flag of Mexico. (1815). (Sarumo74).

Parliamentary flag

The other symbol approved by Congress was known as the parliamentary flag. In this case, a square shape was imposed, with a light blue border. The background was white and in the central part there was an olive bouquet accompanied by a laurel wreath. The two were connected by a horizontally arranged sword.

Parliamentary flag of Mexico. (1815). (Sarumo74).

Trade flag

Finally, the third symbol approved by Congress was known as the commercial flag. In this case, the square shape was again adopted with a white frame and a light blue background, on which a white cross was imposed. A horizontal and elongated pennant in the same colors as the insignia was incorporated at the top of the flagpole.

Mexico trade flag. (1815). (Sarumo74).

These flags remained in force until the defeat of Morelos, in the Battle of Temalaca. King Fernando VII regained the Spanish throne and sent troops to Mexico to quell the revolution, which ended with the execution of Morelos in Ecatepec in December 1815.

Rise of the tricolor

The Mexican tricolor began to emerge in the decline of the brief independence period dominated by Morelos. At that time, the first tricolor that emerged came from different independence armies. One of them was called the Siera Flag, raised by the army of Nicolás Bravo.

This symbol is the first known with the national colors. In the central strip he incorporated a symbol where they combine a bow and arrow with a sword.

Siera flag of Mexico. (Marrovi).

Later, the so-called Veteran flag of the Patria Battalion emerged. These forces were led by Valeriano Trujillo from 1810. For his creation, he took the three colors and, in the central part, he incorporated the shield with the eagle on the nopal. This was the first time that both symbols were featured together on a flag.

In this case, the eagle was on a stone over Lake Texcoco. On the sides, flags were added, and on the top, a rising sun and a Phrygian cap. The presentation of this pavilion used to be in a square shape.

Veteran Flag of the Patria Battalion of Mexico. (Sarumo74).

Trigarante Army

After the execution of Morelos, the independence armies had few successes. Only a few armies to the north and south remained in the fight and the viceroy approved a pardon for the insurgent forces that the military leader, Vicente Guerrero, rejected with the phrase La Patria Es Primero.

The situation also changed in Spain, with the liberal triennium that ended the absolutism of the monarchy in 1820. Before that, the Constitution of Cádiz or "La Pepa" had been approved, which established incipient rights of equality on both sides of the ocean. Atlantic. The Creole whites of New Spain were against these changes, so they took the side of independence.

The leader of the insurrections was Agustín de Iturbide. Together with Vicente Guerrero, he promulgated the Plan of Iguala in 1821. This act again established the independence of Mexico, but left it as a monarchy, which should be headed by the Spanish king Fernando VII or someone else from his dynasty. The objective was to maintain Religion, Independence and Union, which became the motto of the Trigarante Army of Agustín de Iturbide.

Trigarante Flag

The Spanish political leader in New Spain, Juan O'Donojú, signed with Iturbide the Treaties of Córdoba, which were an extension of the Plan of Iguala in September 1821. These recognized the independence of Mexico. However, the Spanish government rejected this act, although it did not combat it at first.

The forces led by Iturbide in the Trigarante Army waved the Trigarante Flag. This army joined in the defense of the Plan of Iguala and its flag was created by Iturbide himself and made by the tailor José Ocampo.

Its shape was square and it was divided into three diagonal stripes of the same size, in white, green and red. In each of them she kept a six-pointed star, of the same three colors, but inverted.

In the center, within a white oval, an imperial crown was added with the insignia RELIGIÓN, YNDEPEND, UNIÓN, REGIMIENTO YNFANTERIA.

Trigarante Flag of Mexico. (1821). (Sarumo74).

- First Mexican Empire

In the absence of the appointment of a Spanish ruler and the ineffective search for a European prince to govern Mexico, Agustín de Iturbide assumed the regency of the throne.

The Spanish king replied that he would not assume the throne because he did not recognize Mexican independence. This led to the congress crowning Iturbide as emperor in May 1822, with the title of Agustín I.

The duration of the Mexican Empire was short-lived, only six months. The economic problems were serious, and the conspiracy of Antonio López de Santa Anna and his former ally Vicente Guerrero in the Casa Mata Plan ended the short-lived monarchy in a military movement, before which Iturbide had to go into exile. This movement implied the separation of the Central American provinces.

Flag of the First Mexican Empire

The Mexican Empire of 1821 established a new flag, which kept the tricolor. Before the coronation of Agustín de Iturbide, the Constituent Congress of the Empire decreed the characteristics of the flag and the shield. All three stripes were vertical of the same size. In the center of the target the shield was added.

Again, the shield took into account the eagle that perches on a cactus above the lagoon. However, the biggest difference is that it is not eating a snake. Also, the eagle held an imperial crown.

Flag of the Mexican Empire (1821-1823). (ByAldoEZ, fromWikimediaCommons).

- First Mexican Republic

In 1823 the new Mexican Republic was already a fact. By 1824 and after a provisional government, the Constituent Congress promulgated the new republican constitution.

Since then, a federal republic was established with its capital in Mexico City. Throughout this period, characters such as Antonio López de Santa Anna were decisive, occupying the presidency several times and still facing the Spanish powers.

The biggest tirade of this first period was between liberals and conservatives. The Liberals wanted to reform the state, but Santa Anna with his reentering the presidency with conservative support, prevented it.

A centralist constitution in 1843 generated the independence of several states for a few years. The weakness of this state favored an American invasion between 1846 and 1848.

The conflict ended up depriving Mexico of more than half of its territory. As it developed, the Liberals seized power and rehabilitated the 1824 constitution, which established a federal republic.

After the war with the United States, Mexico was left in a very weak position. Santa Anna returned to the presidency years later and proclaimed himself dictator.

Flags of the First Mexican Republic

Since 1823 the first flag of the Mexican Republic was approved. Again, the scheme of three vertical stripes was maintained, changing the shield. The difference consisted in the suppression of the imperial crown and the addition of the serpent that devours the eagle. In addition, a bouquet of oak and laurel was added on top of it.

In principle, this was the official flag until 1879, with the exception of the Second Mexican Empire. However, there was no single model of the flag, so it was a fairly plural popular creation over the years.

Mexican flag. (1823-1879). (Sarumo74).

Instead, the flag used by the Conservatives kept the same eagle, but with a profile to the right.

Flag of Mexico used by conservatives. (1846-1879). (Sarumo74).

- Second Mexican Empire

After the proclamation of Santa Anna as dictator, the Liberals led the Ayutla Revolution that forced him into exile. Given that, the Reform Laws were created that separated the State from the Church. Benito Juárez became the first indigenous president of Mexico and his government faced a war with the conservatives, which ended with the victory of President Juárez in 1861.

The government of Benito Juárez assumed the suspension of payments of its external debt due to the impossibility of payment. That generated pressure from France, Spain and England.

The French army, led by Napoleon III, began to attack Mexico militarily in 1863. This situation motivated the transfer of the Mexican government to San Luis Potosí and then to Paso del Norte, while the French took Mexico City.

In this way the Second Mexican Empire was born. Napoleon III wanted to reinforce his presence in Mexico to weaken the United States, which was facing the Civil War. A regency assumed the government until the arrival of the emperor Maximiliano de Habsburgo, archduke of Austria who had accepted the position of emperor that they offered him.

Flag of the Second Mexican Empire

The Mexican Empire led by Maximilian of Habsburg only lasted until 1867. Finally, the emperor was shot and the French had to withdraw. In his tenure, a new imperial flag of Mexico was used. This kept the three vertical stripes, but changed the shield for royal arms.

From 1863, the Regency changed the shield to an imperial one. In any case, it did not enter the flag until the arrival of Maximilian I, with a decree in June 1864.

However, a little more than a year later, in November 1865, a new decree was issued establishing various flags: imperial flag, war flag, national, merchant, army corps and navy pennant.

The national flag consisted of the same tricolor flag, but with the royal coat of arms of Maximilian I, with golden edges, a crown and a ribbon with the motto Equity in justice. It should be noted that this flag shared the limelight with others.

Flag of the Mexican Empire. (1865-1867). (Elements of Ludovicus Ferdinandus and Sarumo74).

The imperial pavilion was also known, although it was only used in the presence of the emperors. Their difference was that the golden imperial eagle was added in all four corners.

Imperial pavilion of Mexico. (1865-1867). (TownDown).

- Porfiriato

The end of the Mexican Empire led by Maximiliano de Habsburgo implied the restoration of the republic led by Benito Juárez, who continued to govern until his death in 1872. His government generated divisions and, in 1871, Juárez had to face other liberal candidates in the elections.

Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada assumed the presidency when Juárez died, but when trying to be reelected, the former candidate Porfirio Díaz defeated him in an uprising. The presidential succession was unknown and Díaz assumed the presidency, starting the Porfiriato in 1876.

Until 1879, the official flag established in 1823 continued to be used. However, Mexico had lived half a century without having a clear regulation of flags. Porfirio Díaz, after assuming power, tried to normalize the use of flags and shields.

The order of the Porfirio Díaz government consisted of re-adopting the flag of 1823, with that shield. However, there was no model of the shield at that time, before which the artist Tomás de la Peña had to create a new model, which was of the Frenchified type.

Mexican flag. (1880-1916). (Sarumo74).

Later, in 1898 another design emerged, of a Germanic style, made by Juan de Dios Fernández. The eagle became known as the Centennial Eagle.

Mexican flag. (1889-1916). (Sarumo74).

- Mexican Revolution

The Porfiriato was the longest period of government led by a single person in the history of Mexico. Porfirio Díaz was successively re-elected under an authoritarian regime that was open to international trade. His re-election continued until 1910, elections in which Díaz had announced that he would not run.

But breaking his word, Porfirio launched into the electoral battle. Francisco Madero, his main opponent, was jailed and Díaz won the elections without resistance. Later, Madero escaped from prison and from the United States proclaimed the Plan of San Luis in 1910, starting the Mexican Revolution. The following year, and before the loss of power, Díaz gave up power and went into exile.

Madero was elected president in 1911, but other leaders such as Emiliano Zapata and Pascual Orozco quickly rose up. In 1913 there was a coup that ended with the assassination of Madero and the seizure of power by Victoriano Huerta.

Other revolutionary leaders such as Venustiano Carranza and Pancho Villa rose up against Huerta, who had to abandon power the following year. Francisco Carvajal assumed the interim presidency.

Carrancista flag

Venustiano Carranza's Constitutionalist Army imposed itself in the country. At first, he only used the Porfirista flags, so they could not be distinguished from other troops. Given that, in 1916 he modified the shield, including the one that was present on the flag.

The eagle's position changed completely, as he turned his profile and turned his gaze to the left. This position of the eagle still holds. In this way, the image of the shield began to unify.

Mexican flag. (1916-1934). (SVG by Sarumo74 (talk · contribs)).

- Maximato and the government of Cárdenas

The Mexican Revolution continued its course and the flag acquired national power with the arrival of Carranza to power in 1917. The following years followed the assassinations of political leaders, such as Emiliano Zapata, Pancho Villa or Carranza himself.

Under Carranza's mandate, the 1917 constitution was approved, which is still in force and consummated social demands during the Mexican Revolution. In 1924 Plutarco Elías Calles assumed power, who founded the National Revolutionary Party, the first predecessor of the current PRI. Calles held the position of Maximum Chief of the Mexican Revolution, therefore, without being president, he continued to hold power in a period known as Maximato.

Calles' power remained until the election of Lázaro Cárdenas del Río as president in 1934. Cárdenas led a popular government that nationalized the oil industry, granted rights to workers, and reorganized the National Revolutionary Party into the Party of the Mexican Revolution.

In the following six-year term, Miguel Alemán was elected as the first civilian president after the Revolution. On this occasion, he did so on behalf of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which is still one of the main political parties in Mexico.

Institutional flag

Again the flag faced difficulties, and the government tried to promote it with the establishment of a Flag Day. The national symbol continued without clear proportions and with divergences in the design of the shield.

Since 1934 a flag was popularized where the eagle was completely enclosed in a circular wreath of leaves. Other flags replaced this crown of leaves with the inscription United Mexican States.

Mexican flag. (1934-1968). (Jorge Encino).

Another version also circulated with the crown of both leaf branches at the bottom. Its limit came before the middle of the crown. The design corresponded to Jorge Enciso, and this over time became the most common.

Flag of Mexico with cut crown. (1934-1968). (Ludovicus Ferdinandus Can have elements by Sodacan and Heralder).

- Current flag

The governments of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) lasted for many more decades, practically until the year 2000. During the mandate of President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, the last change was made to the national flag until it reached the symbol that remains today. On December 23, 1967, a law was passed to regulate national symbols.

The 1934 shield model was maintained, although it incorporated changes directed by the architects Francisco Eppens and Pedro Moctezuma Díaz. The existence of the shield meant that it had to be added later to each side of the fabric where it was made, to maintain its image on both sides. It was not until 1995 that this changed, with the flags showing a reverse of their original composition.

Meaning of the flag and shield

Meaning of the flag

The combination of colors of the Mexican flag had an unfinished origin. Although for many the origin was in the flag of the Trigarante Army of Agustín de Iturbide, the flags of the insurgent armies of southern Mexico, such as the Siera Flag, were earlier. However, this origin was not related at any time to the colors of the flag and its possible meaning.

Popularly, the Trigarante Army was related to the colors of the flag and a possible meaning. The objectives of this army were the preservation of the Catholic religion, the independence of Mexico and the union between Europeans and Americans that would guarantee the happiness of the people of New Spain.

Therefore, white is related to the Catholic religion, red to the union between both continents and green to the independence of the country. However, these meanings were never official, so many more emerged.

Others that became popular were during the liberal and secular government of Benito Juárez. In them it was assumed that green represented hope, white unity and red the blood shed by the pro-independence heroes for Mexican freedom.

Shield Meaning

Without a doubt, the coat of arms of Mexico is the most striking element of the flag. The history that shows the Mexican shield is the founding myth of the Mexican settlements in the Valley of Mexico, so the shield is a sample of the origin of the country.

Specifically, the existence of a "promised land" that was chosen where the eagle devoured the serpent on the cactus, something that gives Mexico a mythical category.

References

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Law on the National Shield, Flag and Anthem. (1984). Chamber of Deputies of the Honorable Congress of the Nation. Recovered from diputados.gob.mx.
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Secretary of Foreign Relations. (2016, February 24). Learn about the history of our flag #EsMiBandera. Government of Mexico. Recovered from gob.mx.
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FLAG OF MEXICO: HISTORY AND MEANING - CULTURE VOCABULARY - 2025