The surgical planes are different steps or phases that have to pass through a doctor or when performing surgery. Once these steps are completed, the doctor can reach the organ in which the operation or procedure is to be performed.
There are different surgical plans depending on the area of the body to be treated. Each surgeon must know exactly what are the planes of the area in which he will perform the surgical procedure.
For example: when a doctor is going to perform an operation on the brain or neurosurgery, he will first find the skin and the subcutaneous phase of it. Then you will find a thin muscle area and a bony plane; under it, the dura will be located, which is a thick, resistant and fibrous tissue.
This tissue must be crossed to reach the pia mater, to then reach the nervous tissue of the brain, which is where the operation is performed.
In the abdomen the planes also begin on the skin and in the subcutaneous phase. But then the aponeurotic plane follows, which is made up of fibrous tissue that covers the muscles. Then follow the muscles of the abdomen and the peritoneum, through which the intestine is reached.
Since each area of the body has its particular planes, each specialized doctor is very clear about the planes of the particular area to be treated. There are 5 types of surgical planes.
Types of surgical planes
Skin
This is the first layer of the human body. It is the most superficial layer, which prevents the loss of fluids in the tissues of the body. It is also a sensory organ, a component of the integumentary system.
The skin is made up of multiple layers of ectoderm tissue and protects the muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. Severely damaged skin can heal by forming scars.
The thickness of the skin changes from location to location in the same organism. In humans, for example, the skin under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin on the body, measuring only 0.5 mm thick. This is why it is usually one of the first areas to show wrinkles.
The skin on the palms of the hands and feet is 4 mm thick; the skin on the back is usually the thickest, measuring about 14 mm. The speed and quality of skin healing when wounded is promoted by estrogen.
To suture this area, a simple suture or catgut is usually used. The needle used must be T25-ct-c3.
Subcutaneous cell tissue
It is mainly made up of different amounts of fat, which exist in different fibrous compartments.
It is also called the hypodermis; It is the lowest layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates. The body uses it mostly to store fat.
The types of cells found in this area are fibroblasts, fat cells, and macrophages. The hypodermis is derived from the mesodermis; but unlike the dermis, it is not derived from the dermatome region of the mesodermis.
To suture this area, a simple suture or catgut is usually used. The needle used must be T25-ct-c3.
Aponeurosis
They are flat and thick tendons layers. They have a shiny silver color; histologically they are very similar to tendons.
They are poorly provided with nerves and blood vessels. When cut, the aponeuroses are peeled in sections and their texture is similar to that of paper.
Its main function is to unite the muscles and the parts of the body where the muscles act, be they bones or muscles.
Like tendons, the aponeuroses can be stretched under the force of muscle contraction, absorbing energy and returning to its original place.
The primary regions where there are thick aponeuroses are in the ventral abdominal region, in the dorsal lumbar region, and in the palmar and plantar areas.
To suture this area, a simple suture or catgut is usually used. The needle used must be T25-ct-c3.
Muscle
It is the soft tissue composed of proteins and actin and myosin filaments that rub against each other, producing a contraction that changes both the length and the shape of the cell.
There are three types of muscle: heart muscle, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle.
Muscles work to produce force and movement. They are the main responsible for maintaining posture and locomotion, as well as the movement of internal organs; such as the contraction of the heart and the movement of food through the digestive system.
To suture this area, a simple suture or catgut is usually used. The needle used must be T25-ct-c3.
Peritoneum
It is a serous layer of gas. It limits the entire cavity of the abdomen that is reflected in the viscera of the stomach; covers almost all intra-abdominal organs. It is made up of a layer of mesothelium and a thin layer of connective tissue.
The peritoneum lining maintains many of the abdominal organs and serves as a conductor for your blood vessels, lymphatic ducts, and nerves.
The peritoneum is in turn made up of two layers: the upper layer, connected to the abdominal wall and the pelvic wall; and the inner layer, which surrounds the visceral organs. This layer is thinner than the top layer.
To suture this area, a simple suture or catgut is usually used. The needle used must be T25-ct-c3.
References
- Surgical doctor. Recovered from slideshare.com.
- Subcutaneous tissue. Recovered from wikipedia.org.