JAMES JOYCE: BIOGRAPHY, STYLE, LEGACY, WORKS, PHRASES - LITERATURE - 2024

James Agustine Aloysius Joyce (1882-1941) was a writer of Irish origin, considered one of the most important literati of all time. The quality of his work has been decisive and influential for many authors worldwide, thus marking a wide catalog of publications.

The main features of Joyce's literature were having Dublin as the main environment and a marked presence of religious aspects and, above all, before faith. Her texts were loaded with modernism and innovation, displaying a brilliant and expressive language.

James Joyce. Source: James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig, _1915_restored.jpg: * James_Joyce_by_Alex_Ehrenzweig, _1915.jpg: Alex Ehrenzweigderivative work: RedAppleJack (talk) derivative work: Missionary, via Wikzarimedia Commons of the adolescent artist, Exiles y Ulises. Many works by James Joyce were published after his death, as happened with: Stephen, the hero.

Biography

Birth and family

James was born on February 2, 1882 in Rathgar, Dublin, into a middle-class family of the Catholic faith. His father was John Stanislaus Joyce and his mother was named May; the marriage conceived fifteen children in total, of which ten survived. James was the oldest of the brothers.

On the part of his paternal family, James was linked to entrepreneurs dedicated to the exploitation of salt and limestone mines. In addition, his father served as a tax officer, while his mother came from a well-off family at the time.

Joyce's childhood

When he was five years old, James Joyce and his family moved to Bray, a distinguished town south of Dublin. There he spent the best years of his life and it was where he fell in love for the first time. Specifically from Eileen Vance, a teenage daughter of a family belonging to the Protestant religion.

A well-known anecdote from Joyce's childhood was that of her fear of dogs, a phobia caused by having been attacked by one. He was also terrified of thunder, because according to his Catholic background they were an expression of God's wrath. At the age of nine, he showed writing skills with his poem: "Et Tu, Healy."

Studies

Joyce began primary school at the age of six at the prestigious Jesuit college called Clongowes Wood College. Although mathematics was not his strong suit, he was an outstanding student in all other subjects. He also served as an altar boy.

Portrait of James Joyce by Djuna Barnes. Source: Djuna Barnes, via Wikimedia Commons After four years he had to leave the institution due to the financial problems that afflicted his father. So in 1892 he entered a Christian Brothers school; and for his outstanding grades he was later invited to join the Belvedere College of the Society of Jesus.

Continuous academic training

The intention of Belvedere College was to convince Joyce to enter the Order as a priest; however, he rejected it. The decision was made largely because of the strict upbringing he received as a child and the constant punishments by the Jesuits.

The gifted student continued with his preparation persistently, his academic performance being recognized with various awards. In addition, he complemented his training with the reading of great classics such as: Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, William Yeats, Lord Byron and George Meredith, to name a few.

University studies

In 1898 James entered University College, located in Dublin, to study languages. The writer was inclined to learn philosophy and also about European literature. In addition to this, he was an outstanding student and participated in art and literature events. Around that time he wrote some essays for the English magazine: The Fortnightly Review.

There were several university experiences that enriched Joyce's life. In 1900 he was part of the Dublin Literary and Historical Society. Also it was related with intellectuals of the stature of: Lady Gregory and William Yeats; and in 1903 he graduated and went to Paris.

A difficult time

When she finished her university studies in Dublin, Joyce went to Paris with the idea of ​​studying medicine; but due to the misery in which her family fell, she had to give up. His stay in the French capital was hard, although he got a job as a teacher and journalist, there were days when he didn't have to eat.

Shortly after, he decided to return to his land due to the serious health situation of his mother, who died in 1903. The loss plunged James into a deep sadness and that led him to wander around Dublin and associate with untrustworthy people.

Failure of your first publication attempt

After wandering for almost a year and living off the charity of some acquaintances, in 1904 James Joyce made an attempt to publish a work that he had already written. However, Dana magazine did not accept it, so the budding writer decided to review it, and changed the name to: Stephen, the hero.

James Joyce at age 6, in 1888. Source: unattributed, via Wikimedia Commons Even with the corrections he made to it, the novel was not released in its life years. However, the work did serve as an impetus for the conception of Portrait of the Adolescent Artist, a literary work in which the writer reflected some personal experiences.

Between love and alcoholism

In 1904 the writer met the one who would be the companion of his life: Nora Barnacle, a girl who was an employee of the Finn Hotel. Joyce, who had apparently inherited a taste for drink from his father, spent time in the capital getting drunk and getting into trouble.

Some biographers have argued that both the date of the first appointment with Nora, June 16, 1904, and the man who picked it up after one of their disputes, were elements of Ulises, his masterpiece. After all those disagreements, James went with his beloved to other European lands.

Life between Pula and Trieste

Starting in 1904, James Joyce left with Nora to other destinations in search of a better life. He first came to Zurich to work as an English teacher at a prestigious institute, but as there was no luck, he was sent to Trieste, a city that at that time belonged to the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

In Trieste he also did not get a job and, with the help of the director of the Berlitz institute, Almidano Artifoni, he was finally able to work in Pula (now Croatian territory). For political reasons he returned to Trieste in 1905, where he lived for about ten years.

Birth of your children and other experiences

In 1905 James and Nora had the happiness of having their first child, whom they named Giorgio. However, for the writer the joy was not full and he needed more income. For this reason, he invited his brother Stanislaus to live with him, to help him with the expenses.

A year later he went to Rome, both for the pleasure of traveling and to get a better job. It did not go as expected, so he returned to Trieste. In 1907 Lucia, her second daughter, came into her life and also had the satisfaction of publishing that same year the poetry collection Chamber Music.

Back to dublin

Joyce returned to Dublin in 1909 after a five-year absence with the company of her son. He visited both his family and his wife's for the first time, although his main motive was to publish his work Dubliners. However, he did not succeed until five years later.

He returned to Trieste taking his sister Eva with him to help his wife with the children. Within a month she was back home to conduct business, including setting up a movie theater. Unfortunately his partners duped him and saw no profit.

Joyce statue in Dublin, Ireland. Source: Thorsten Pohl Thpohl, via Wikimedia Commons He also tried to market Irish fabrics to Italy, to no avail either. He finally returned to his family in 1910 bearing the brunt of these financial failures, although this time he took his sister Eileen with him to help the family as well.

Some adverse circumstances

The economic situation of Joyce and her family was precarious around 1912, since although she gave some lectures and worked for some print media, money was little. Although his knowledge made him worthy of a teaching position, the high elites distorted him because he was from another country.

He traveled with his entire family to Dublin in search of a door to be opened to publish Dubliners, but again he could not. He returned to Trieste and for years they lived in a small apartment, since they had been evicted from the previous one because of the debt they had.

Publication of

Despite financial disagreements, Joyce continued to write. In 1913 he began working for Poetry and The Egoist magazines with the recommendation that his friend William Yeats gave about him to the American writer Ezra Pound.

Finally, in 1914 he achieved the long-awaited publication of Dubliners, thanks to the support provided by the English publisher Grant Richards. The experience was satisfying for James even though some stories were left out for content and sales fell due to the start of WWI.

Stage in Zurich, Switzerland

In 1915, as a result of the First World War, Joyce and her family went to live in Zurich. It was a time of prolific creativity for the writer, but his economy continued the same. He lived by teaching classes, the help of his friends and anonymous protectors who admired his works.

One of the greatest satisfactions of James at that stage was the publication of: Portrait of the adolescent artist and the American edition of Dubliners. Also at that time his visual affections became even more acute, but he kept writing.

Joyce between the theater and

Still in Switzerland, Joyce managed in 1918 to create a theater company called The English Player, together with an English actor named Claud Sykes. By that time his alcoholism was on the surface, due to his social gatherings with his friends.

Signature of James Joyce. Source: James Joyce Created in vector format by Scewing, via Wikimedia Commons That year, the Irish writer published Exiles, which was released at the same time in the United States and England. By then Ulysses, his greatest project, appeared in episodes on the pages of Little Review. On a personal level, James Joyce was an eternal lover and women were his weakness.

Life in paris

James arrived in Paris in 1920 with the aim of getting both Dubliners and Portrait of the Teenage Artist translated into French, so the seven-day visit turned into a twenty-year stay. During the first year he dedicated himself to polishing Ulysses and creating new literary friendships.

It was in 1922 when Ulysses finally came to light, which ended up catapulting his literary career and became his most important work. It was a time of light and shadow, as she maintained contact with the renowned French novelist Marcel Proust, but she also had to travel frequently to Switzerland to visit her daughter Lucia, who suffered from schizophrenia.

The conception of

A stop in England in 1922 was the definitive inspiration for the Irish writer to decide to put Finnegans wake to work, his last published work in life. His close friends even claimed that Joyce had become "obsessed" with that future publication.

His wife and his brother Stanislaus criticized him a lot about this work and, although he thought about giving up, he eventually continued to develop it. Around those years, Samuel Beckett published a series of essays on the advances of the mentioned text. It was not until 1932 that Joyce married his life partner and mother of his children: Nora Barnacle.

Misery and bliss

At the end of 1931 James's father passed away, news that devastated the writer because he was absent for a long time and could not be fired. The following year, with the birth of his grandson Stephen, Giorgio's son, Joyce was able to ease the pain and resume his life.

From that time he had a friendship with the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, who closely followed the translation of his works. In 1939, Finnegans wake was released to the public, a text that, due to the language used, the syntactic and the avant-garde techniques, did not have an entirely positive reception from the public.

Catholicism during his lifetime

Although Joyce came from a Catholic family and was educated under the norms of the Jesuits, over the years, he established opposition to religion after his experiences in childhood. Some scholars of his life differ in that he has totally renounced the Catholic faith.

In some of his works he reflected his position, such was the case of the character Stephen Dedalus, who psychologically was his "higher self." The English writer Anthony Burgess asserted that perhaps his aversion was towards the dogmas of the church, but not towards the faith.

Last years and death

James' mood declined almost entirely with negative reviews of his latest work, a sadness compounded by his daughter's illness and the outbreak of World War II. In 1940 he went back to Zurich, sad and dejected and clinging to alcohol.

Grave of James Joyce, in Zurich. Source: Lars Haefner - uploaded by Albinfo, via Wikimedia Commons In early 1941, he underwent stomach surgery and subsequently fell into a coma. He remained in a trance for two days and, although he overcame it, unfortunately he passed away on January 13 of that same year. He could not be repatriated because the Irish government denied permits to his wife and son.

Style

James Joyce's literary style was characterized by being modern and avant-garde. He also used an expressive language, with the use of a often complex syntax that sometimes made it difficult to understand the text, there was also the presence of many symbols.

His style was versatile and monologues were his own, as well as the incursion of journalistic and theatrical modes. In his works he included personal experiences and anecdotes with unique characters. Joyce did a particular time management in which the reader was immersed in labyrinths.

Legacy

Joyce's greatest legacy has been in literature, being one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. In addition, the way in which he structured his works on a grammatical, syntactic and content level made him a genius of letters, to the point that even today his writings are the object of study.

On the other hand, the Irish writer had the ability to create characters similar to those of the great classics, but without falling into the copy. Joyce used innovative and unique linguistic and aesthetic techniques, without neglecting the psychological aspects of his protagonists.

Analysis of the specialists

Some scholars of Joyce and his work analyzed aspects that further accentuated the writer's footprints in the world. The American Herbert Gorman referred to the exhaustive inquiries and the dynamism of its contents. For his part, Samuel Beckett said that James wrote for all the senses.

The Italian writer and philosopher Umberto Eco affirmed that the Irishman manifested a scientific vision in his works, also reflected his knowledge in all forms of art. Ultimately, Joyce was unique in every sense of the word.

Your footprint in other areas

The legacy of this writer spans the fields of science, psychology, physics, and philosophy. The psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan referred to his work to break down the meaning of sinthome or split; in physics the word "quark" is used derived from Finnegans wake.

On the other hand, in various parts of the world, including Dublin, every June 16 "Bloomsday" is celebrated to commemorate the day on which Ulysses passes. There have been countless institutions, organizations, artists and intellectuals that have paid tribute to James Joyce throughout history.

Custodian of his works

His grandson Stephen, Giorgio's son, has been the protector of all the properties and works that the writer left behind. At some point he got rid of some letters, especially those that Joyce's daughter, Lucia, had with him; In addition, it limited the use of its texts in public events without prior authorization.

Plays

Dubliners

This work was made up of stories, being the only one of its kind written by Joyce. The writer conceived it in 1904 and completed it in 1914, the year of its publication. The fifteen stories that make up the book were aligned with literary realism.

As the title of the work indicates, it was based on life in Dublin and how society did not evolve with the changes that the 20th century brought with it. At the time the text was released, some aspects were censored for being abrupt; not everyone liked it, but it was the work that opened the doors for Joyce.

Fragment

Portrait of teenage artist

It was an autobiographical novel in which he reflected some aspects of his life. At first the writer published in the form of installments in The Egoist, for a year, between 1914 and 1915. The work was located within the genre of "learning novel", known by the German word bildungsroman.

Bust of James Joyce at Celebrity Alley in Kielce, Poland. Source: Paweł Cieśla Staszek_Szybki_Jest, via Wikimedia Commons The main character of the story was Stephen Dedalus, psychologically Joyce's "super self" or "alter ego". The existence of conservative and religious idioms of Dublin's high society was evidenced in the work, against which the protagonist had to battle.

Structure

James Joyce structured the work in five long chapters, where Stephen is the main narrator according to his vision, convictions and thoughts. The development of the work included the monologues and throughout the chapters there was a fluid and well-managed evolution of the characters.

Fragment

Ulises

It was the most important and recognized work of James Joyce, which brought him to the peak of literary fame. The plot of the novel took place in a detailed and meticulous way on June 16, 1904, the date on which the author met his beloved Nora.

It narrated the history of three inhabitants of Dublin: Leopoldo Bloom, the wife of this Molly and the well-known Stephen Dedalus of Portrait of the adolescent artist. The novel consisted of various psychological elements, complex language, and criticism of the Irish church and government.

Composition

The author was in charge of developing real characters, capable of making the reader believe that they were true. He also incorporated the monologue and an indirect and free narration, that is, the narrator used the words and modes of expression in such a way that he seemed one of the characters.

James recounted the entire existence of the town and its inhabitants in one day, all brilliantly and masterfully through clear language, well thought out structure, fluid styling, and a host of innovative linguistic devices. The title alluded to "Ulysses" the main character in Homer's Odyssey.

Fragment

Finnegans wake

James Joyce dedicated almost two decades to the creation of this work, being his last publication. Its development process was called "work in progress" since the advances were appearing in various media. They received both positive and negative reviews.

The play was set in Dublin and one of its main settings was a bar. The owner of the place was Poter, married with three children, the story revolved around a dream he had, in whose difficulty all the characters in the book unite.

Structure

The story developed steadily, with the addition of continuous monologues. In addition, the psychological played an important role through dreams, while Joyce made the work more dynamic and in turn the reading, with the playful component in the use of words.

There was no synopsis or thesis as such, but rather the reader interprets the relevance of each character and action. The language used by James was confusing and complicated, where meanings in other languages ​​were noted as part of the author's ability to innovate.

Fragment

Phrases

- “What is the reason why words like these are so clumsy and cold to me? Could it be that there is no word tender enough to describe you?

- "We can no longer change the country, let's change the subject."

- “I have put so many riddles and riddles that the novel will keep teachers busy for centuries, arguing about what I meant. That is the only way to ensure immortality. "

- "There is no heresy or philosophy as hateful to the church as the human being."

- "Colors depend on the light one sees."

- “My childhood leans beside me. Too far for me to rest a hand on it for once lightly. "

- "There is no past or future, everything flows in an eternal present."

- “Irresponsibility is part of the pleasure of art. It's the part that schools don't know how to recognize ”.

- "Love is a damn nuisance, especially when it is also linked to lust."

- “Geniuses don't make mistakes. Their mistakes are always voluntary and cause some discovery ”.

References

1. James Joyce. (2019). Spain: Wikipedia. Recovered from: es.wikipedia.org.
2. Tamaro, E. (2004-2019). James Joyce. (N / a): Biographies and Lives. Recovered from: biografiasyvidas.com.
3. James Joyce. (S. f.). Cuba: Ecu Red. Recovered from: ecured.cu.
4. Romero, S. (S. f.). Famous quotes from James Joyce. Spain: Very Interesting. Recovered from: muyinteresante.es.
5. James Joyce. (2019). Argentina: The Silver Bowl. Recovered from: elcuencodeplata.com.ar.