JACINTO CANEK: BIOGRAPHY AND REBELLION - HISTORY - 2025

Jacinto Canek (1730 - 1761), nickname by which José Cecilio de los Santos is known (or Jacinto Uc de los Santos, depending on the historian), was a Mayan indigenous leader who promoted an uprising against the Spanish authorities of the time in the town of Cisteil, in 1761.

At a time when the natives had no education, Canek's intelligence led him to train with the monks who inhabited his area. This gave him a very important knowledge base when it came to analyzing what life was like for his people.

Work «Punishment of Jacinto Canek» by Fernando Castro Pacheco

It was not the first rebellion led by the Mexican indigenous peoples, who had been systematically removed from their culture and customs by the colonial power. The Spanish always tried to downplay these uprisings, pointing out that they were carried out by small minorities of drunks.

Canek managed to put the Hispanic army in trouble for several days, but finally the great difference in military means doomed the attempt to failure. It has been considered as a precedent of what would happen a century later, with the so-called Caste War in Yucatán. The Yucatecan writer Emilio Abreu Gómez novelized the events in the book Canek.

Biography

Early years

The future indigenous leader was born in Campeche in 1730. His real name was José Cecilio de los Santos, although other historians affirm that he was Jacinto Uc de los Santos. Of Mayan descent, his family worked for the Franciscans.

It was these monks who gave him the opportunity to study, something forbidden for the natives at the time. His great intelligence made the monks welcome him and begin to train him.

Education with the Franciscans

Jacinto took advantage of the opportunity that he had been granted and learned various subjects with the friars. Among them, Latin, theology, history and grammar. After a few years, his teacher had to travel to Mérida and Canek went with him.

It was precisely the acquired knowledge and his natural gifts that made him begin to become aware of how badly his people lived. Not at all conformist, he began to ask and protest loudly, which earned him a serious warning from the monks.

This did not silence the young Mayan, who continued with his attitude. In the end, the Franciscans decide to expel him from the convent, considering him a rebellious Indian.

Job

Once outside the convent, Jacinto went to work as a baker. For several years he maintained that occupation, which also served him to visit part of the towns of the state and continue to know first-hand the plight of the indigenous people.

There is division among historians, but some claim that from 1760 he began to prepare a rebellion. He sent letters seeking followers and designated January 1762 as the chosen date. The attempt was discovered, so he decided to advance the attempt.

It was during this period that he earned the nickname Jacinto Canek, taken from the last leader of the Itza, the last Mayans who resisted the Conquest. It comes from the word Can-Ek, which means "black snake."

Cisteil Rebellion

Context

The economic, educational and rights situation of indigenous people in Canek's time condemned them, without remedy, to remain in the poorest part of society.

Throughout the 18th century their traditions were almost exterminated and most were forced to work on the estates in almost slave-owning conditions.

For this reason, several rebellions had already occurred before the one led by Canek. In the following decades, many more would break out until the War of the Caste, a century later.

Start of the rebellion

The town of Cisteil, located near Sotuta, celebrated its religious festival on November 20, 1761. When the act ended, Jacinto Canek took the opportunity to address the neighbors who were gathered there. Speaking to them in Mayan, he harangued them with the following words:

«My very beloved children, I do not know what you are waiting for to shake off the heavy yoke and laborious servitude in which you have been subjected to the Spaniards; I have walked throughout the province and have searched all its towns and, carefully considering how useful subjection to Spain brings us, I did not find anything other than a painful and inexorable servitude… The tribute judge is not satisfied even with the work that they surround our companions in jail, nor do they satisfy the thirst for our blood in the continuous lashes with which they macerate and tear our bodies to pieces ».

Canek encouraged them to join his rebellion, claiming that he had the powers of a thaumaturge. Likewise, he told them that he had several sorcerers at his service and that victory was prophesied at Chilam Balam.

He promised the listeners that those who were killed would be resurrected after three days. Finally, he claimed to have the support of the English for his uprising.

Taking of the town and Spanish reaction

The uprising was a success in the first hours. They easily managed to take Cisteil. His only mistake was to let a friar, Miguel Ruela, escape, who was the one who notified the Spanish authorities of what was happening.

The friar appealed to the captain of the army in Sotuta. This man, named Tiburcio Cosgaya, did not take long to prepare a detachment to go to Cisteil. However, Canek and his men were already prepared: they ambushed the Spanish and several soldiers were killed.

At that time the rebels thought their uprising could succeed. Canek is crowned King of the Mayans and promises to abolish tributes, distribute the wealth that the Spanish were left behind, and set up an administration led by the Indians. The capital of that new Mayan nation would be in Mani.

Second battle

The joy of the rebels did not last long. A week after the uprising, the Spanish organize a large detachment made up of 2,000 soldiers.

The attack on Cisteil is brutal and about 500 Mayans die, for only 40 soldiers. Only 300 men, including Canek, manage to escape from the place.

Last days of Jacinto Canek

The survivors of the battle of Cisteil try to flee towards Sivac. For their part, the Spanish were not willing to let them escape. In Sivac itself, Canek is captured along with the rest of his followers. All are transferred to Mérida.

The main accusation the indigenous leader faces is rebellion. To this crime they add that of sacrilege and having proclaimed himself king. The summary trial does not last long and he is sentenced to death.

Execution and punishment

Although the rest of his trapped supporters also receive sentences (some are hanged and others are flogged or maimed), Canek's is particularly cruel.

According to the chronicles, he must die "gripped, his body broken and then burned and his ashes thrown to the wind."

Without reaching a month since the uprising took place, on December 14, 1861, Jacinto Canek is executed as dictated by the sentence in the Plaza Mayor of Mérida.

If the manner of executing Canek was to serve as a warning to future rebels, the Spaniards are not content with that. Cisteil, where the uprising began, is set on fire and covered in salt.

References

1. Carmona Dávila, Doralicia. During a religious festival in Quisteil, Yucatán, near Sotuta, Jacinto Uc de los Santos "Canek" starts a rebellion of indigenous Mayans. Obtained from memoriapoliticademexico.org
2. CONAPRED. Canek, Jacinto - Biographies of indigenous people and ethnic groups. Obtained from conapred.org.mx

3. Durango.net. Jacinto Canek. Obtained from durango.net.mx
4. The biography. Biography of Jacinto Canek. Retrieved from thebiography.us
5. Yucatan Concierge. Jacinto Canek, The Mayan Hero. Retrieved from yucatanconcierge.com
6. History.com Staff. Yucatan. Retrieved from history.com
7. Patch, Robert. Maya Revolt and Revolution in the Eighteenth Century. Recovered from books.google.es
8. Yucatan Times. The Baker Who Would Be King. Retrieved from theyucatantimes.com