- Types
- Symmetric analogies
- Of synonymy
- Examples
- Cogeneric
- Examples
- By complementarity
- Examples
- Asymmetric analogies
- Oppositional or antonymic
- Examples
- Intensity
- Examples
- Inclusive
- By location
- Examples
- Cause-effect
- Examples
- Feature
- Examples
- By function
- Examples
- For the product
- Examples
- Of sequentiality
- Examples
- By means or instrument
- Examples
- By reciprocity
- Examples
- References
The analogy is the correlation that is established between two or more events, subjects, concepts or things through reason. This correspondence is made in order to denote or show the presence of one or more properties of one entity (base subject) in another (compared subject).
Etymologically, the word analogy comes from the Greek word αναλογíα. The prefix ana means "comparison", "reiteration", while the root logos means "study". Then, the word "analogy" can be understood as: relationship or comparison that occurs between two concepts or things in order to establish common aspects.
Based on this image, an analogy can be made between the figure of the wing and the eyes of an animal
The analogy allows those who apply it to generate ideas of what is unknown about the world that circumscribes them from what they do know about that world. This characteristic is very useful, since if you have a new and unknown entity with two known visible properties, you can infer about the rest of its conformation thanks to what is known.
The analogy uses inductive reasoning; therefore, play with the odds. The analogy supports its argumentative force in the full knowledge of the elements that it perceives, that it possesses and the incidence of these in those factors that are unknown to it.
The analogy is a linguistic phenomenon; Through words the parallels between realities are established. Thanks to the good use of language, arguments are formulated that give way to individuals to have a greater control of reality.
Types
Taking into account its specific characteristics, the analogies have been divided into two groups:
Symmetric analogies
In this type of analogy, the base elements that are being compared can be exchanged regardless of and without making any distinction, because both have so many elements for the purpose that they are considered equivalent. Among the symmetric analogies we have the following:
Of synonymy
It occurs when two elements, despite having different names, share the same attributes.
Examples
Serene, calm. Evil, evil. Healthy healthy.
Cogeneric
It is established between those things, objects or entities that belong to the same category, that are linked to the same class or concept.
Examples
Zebra, horse. Parakeet, macaw. Short story, novel.
By complementarity
This occurs when, when mentioning an object, thing or entity, it is presumed that another accompanies it because it is part of it. In other words, the element that is supposed to be present is an implicit and notorious factor for the performance of the first mentioned object.
Examples
Cart, wheels. House, door. Plant, photosynthesis.
Asymmetric analogies
As the name implies, this type of analogy refers to antonymy. Although the elements that are compared have characteristics that differentiate them, when analyzing them in a concise way, complementary patterns are revealed that relate them. Within these analogies we have the following:
Oppositional or antonymic
In this type of analogy the compared elements are conceptually contradictory; that is, they are poles apart within an appreciative line.
Examples
Clear, dark. Good bad. Day Night.
Intensity
This occurs when one of the base elements is potentially stronger than the other, has more presence than the one with which it is compared.
Examples
Flame, fire. Nice, beautiful. River Sea.
Inclusive
This type of analogy is clearly identified because it tends to have as its starting point the comparison of a whole with respect to the parts that make it up. This form of analogy is divided into the following types:
From genus-species and vice versa
This type of analogy presents two varieties of elements. One of these is called the inclusive, which represents the whole; and the other is included, which is part of that totality.
Examples of genus-species can be: cetacean, dolphin; chelonius, tortoise and falconid, hawk. On the other hand, examples of species-genus can be: rattlesnake, snake; gannet, web and manta ray, shark.
From whole-part and vice versa
As in the previous analogy, this comparison is appreciated by presenting a universal factor that encompasses a series of elements and, in turn, the series of elements that make up that universality.
Examples of whole-part are: Venezuela, Caracas; house, door and cat, tail. On the other hand, examples of part-totality are: leg, table; handle, cup and wheel, bicycle.
From set-element and vice versa
In this analogy, one of the elements present is the characteristic name of a group, while the other represents the name given to a subject or object that is part of that group.
Examples of ensemble-elements can be: choir, singer; skeleton, bone and furniture, chair. On the other hand, examples of element-set can be: parsley, grass; red, color and wasp, swarm.
Container-content
When manifesting this form of analogy, it shows that one of the elements mentioned is contained by the other in a total or partial way.
Examples of container-content are: world, continents; balloon, air and pond, fish
By location
It alludes to the relationship between one element and another, having as a common factor a positional-spatial aspect.
Examples
Person, house. Pencil, pencil case. Desk, classroom.
Cause-effect
It is characterized because one of the elements that make it up gives rise to the other.
Examples
Deluge, flood. Crime, jail. Dream, sleep.
Feature
In this type of analogy, one of the elements indicates or shows characteristics of the other; that is to say: one is an unequivocal part of the other.
Examples
Guitar, strings. Night, stars. Moon, craters.
By function
In this type of analogy, the relationship between an element and the function it is going to perform is demonstrated.
Examples
Pencil, write. Light bulb, illuminate. Thief steal.
For the product
This refers to the product resulting from the performance of a trade. In the same way, it can refer to the raw materials that were involved in obtaining the final product.
Examples
Shoemaker, shoe. Ice water. Fruit, juice.
Of sequentiality
This type of analogy refers to the logical-temporal pattern that relates two events, circumstances, people or things.
Examples
Childhood, adulthood. Tuesday Wednesday. Bachelor, graduate.
By means or instrument
This analogy refers to objects, utensils or ideas by means of which an element generates an action or change. That is, it refers to the relationship between an agent and the elements that it can use to produce changes.
Examples
Carpenter, handsaw. Writer, letters. Mason, level.
By reciprocity
In this reference is made to those terms whose mere presence supposes the existence of another element that gives it a reason for being.
Examples
Fisherman, fish. Writer, books. Doctor, patients.
References
- Salerno, GM (2013). Analogy, typification, recognition. Argentina: Conicet Digital. Recovered from: ri.conicet.gov.ar
- Analogy. (S. f.). (n / a): Wikipedia. Recovered from: es.wikipedia.org
- Analog reasoning. (S. f.). Argentina: IB. Recovered from: ib.edu.ar
- Types of analogy. (S. f.). (n / a): Classification of. Recovered from: clasificacionde.org
- Graf, E. (2016). Stages and writing systems of the Egyptian language. (n / a): Ancient Egypt. Recovered from: viejoegipto.org